Gang violence presents one of the most significant crime problems in the United States. It is however hardly a recent problem. Indeed, according to Johnson & Muhlhausen (2005), the phenomenon has been a part of American urban life since as early as the American Revolution. Gang violence can rang...

Alternatives to criminal justice system have been the growing part of the debate surrounding the theory of criminology. Shaming: In this arena of alternatives to criminal justice system, the most distinctive contribution has been John Braithwaite’s theory of regenerative shaming which conjectur...